A growing global demand for energy and natural resources is driving an expansion of extractive and infrastructure projects into some of the most remote areas of the world, and often into the ancestral territories of indigenous peoples. The health, identity and cultural and physical survival of indigenous peoples are at particular risk from this expansion...This briefing paper focuses on the roles and responsibilities of companies, investors and finance institutions to identify, prevent and address the adverse human rights impacts of company operations...This paper highlights the importance of a company operating only where it has the free, prior and informed consent of any indigenous peoples potentially affected by their operations. It identifies some of the key challenges involved in implementing a Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) policy and makes recommendations for companies and shareholders...