In Pakistan, leather is produced under deplorable conditions. Labourers work for long hours for low wages. Many suffer damage to their health, working with chemicals and unsafe heavy machinery. The European Union (EU) is the single most important export destination for Pakistani leather, and a sizeable portion of these imports goes to the Netherlands....The research...documented how workers suffer damage to their health due to a lack of protective equipment or proper safety measures. Furthermore, workers were found to be unable to form effective unions, due to bullying of union members and outright union busting activities by their factories’ management...Although leather exports have been supported through GSP+, this is not providing much-needed protection to the Pakistani workers producing leather. The EU should improve its monitoring mechanism in order to gain a good understanding about progress (or lack thereof) made by bene ciary countries with regard to the implementation of human and labour rights conventions.