The 12th Pan-Amazonian Social Forum (FOSPA) convened in Puyo, Ecuador, with Indigenous leaders, Afro-descendent communities, women, youth, and environmental defenders debating the protection of the Amazon region. The conference highlighted the Amazon basin as an interconnected living system under threat from extractivist activities, such as oil drilling, mining, and industrial agriculture. Scientists warned that the Amazon is nearing an irreversible tipping point due to deforestation and global warming, which could transform the rainforest into a savannah and exacerbate climate change. Despite these warnings, governments continue to expand extractivist projects, leading to human rights abuses and endangering environmental defenders. Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, the UN special rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation, labeled the extractivist model's toxic pollution a crime against humanity. FOSPA's 2,500 participants declared the Amazon in a state of emergency and proposed actions, including creating extractive-free zones, expanding the recognition of the rights of nature, increasing women's political participation, launching a pan-Amazonian observatory to map organized crime, and supporting community-based economies.