Brazil's new National Critical and Strategic Minerals Policy aims to encourage mineral processing, transformation, and industrialization in the country, adding value to supply chains and ensuring mineral wealth contributes to technological and industrial development. However, concerns have been raised over the policy's governance structure, which concentrates power in the federal government and gives limited roles to civil society. The policy's dependence on other policies and regulations, which can change through government or congressional action, is also a concern. Environmental protection measures, such as the Ecological Transformation Plan and the Climate Plan, are not necessarily within the minerals policy itself, and there are already signs of tension between the need for speedy mineral exploration and environmental protection. The lack of knowledge about the impacts of opening new mining areas and the potential effects on Indigenous lands and traditional communities is another issue that needs to be addressed.