Ownership of the world’s rural lands and natural resources is a major source of contestation around the globe, affecting prospects for rural economic development, human rights and dignity, cultural survival, environmental conservation, and efforts to combat climate change...Communities are estimated to hold as much as 65 percent of the world’s land area through customary, community-based tenure systems. However, national governments only recognize formal, legal rights of Indigenous Peoples and local communities to a fraction of these lands...This report is designed to inform policy debates and action on community land rights by identifying how much land national governments have formally recognized asowned or controlled by Indigenous Peoples and local communities. It documents the land area under formally recognized community-based tenure regimes, where formal rights to own or manage land or terrestrial resources are held at the community level.