In its last Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in May 2010, Niger accepted all six recommendations in relation to freedom of expression, including a specific recommendation calling for respect and protection of human rights defenders (HRDs)...However, the treatment of HRDs indicates disconnect between this development and the reality on the ground. HRDs, in particular those working on corporate accountability and transparency issues, typically face arrest, arbitrary detention and spurious charges...HRDs seeking greater transparency and fairness in dealings between the Government and extractive industries have faced arbitrary arrest and detention. A particularly concerning case resulted in the arrest of HRDs advocating for transparency between French uranium mining company Areva and the Niger Government...Recommendations to the Government of Niger...As an ‘Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative' compliant country and in pursuance of Article 149 of the Constitution, guarantee transparency and ensure civil society engagement in connection with the extractive industry; Ensure companies conducting operations in Niger, including Areva, respect human rights and the activities of HRDs, in line with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the UN Declaration of HRDs; Publicly state opposition to restrictions on the activities of HRDs working to ensure transparency in relations between the Government and extractive industries...