Whether the ATS authorizes an action for conduct taking place solely within the territory of a foreign nation has been a matter of great interest to the United States and to the State Department because any extraterritorial application of U.S. law has significant foreign policy implications…In recognition of these concerns, there has developed a well-established presumption against extraterritorial application of U.S. law that this Court consistently has applied. The presumption serves to avoid the foreign relations issues that would arise were U.S. courts, without clear authorization from Congress, to project U.S. law into foreign territory and thus infringe upon the sovereignty of another nation.