Across most supply sites in the case studies, we found improvements in the following areas of the ETI Base Code: • health and safety, for example better fire safety, introduction of training on emergency procedures, and safer use of chemicals; • working hours - reduced regular and overtime hours; • wages, for example ensuring payment of the minimum wage and provision of state insurance and pensions; • child labour - less employment of children and young workers. Codes had had most impact on health and safety, with other areas of change varying considerably between countries and sectors. We observed less impact in relation to freedom of association, discrimination, regular employment and harsh treatment, where serious issues frequently remained.