In Sosa, this Court made clear that the ATS should be construed according to the understanding of the First Congress. The ATS, as originally understood, extended federal court jurisdiction to suits by aliens against U.S. citizens for intentional torts involving force against their person or personal property. Such torts violated the law of nations and required the United States to redress the harm or become responsible for the violation. Because the ATS is solely a jurisdiction statute, the presumption against extraterritoriality does not apply. The ATS did not confer, however, jurisdiction over actions by one alien against another, regardless of where the tort occurred.