A report from Oxfam assessing academic and non-academic research from the past five years assesses findings on working, living, health and transport conditions for migrants working across Europe in the agr-food sector. The report finds the UE's agricultural sector is dependent on migrant labour from more recently acceded member states, non-EU European countries and non-European countries, including undocumented migrant labour.

The report identifies a number of challenges facing migrant workers across various aspects of their living and working conditions, but precarity and employer leverage over workers vulnerable owing to their immigration status, those in debt owing to recruitment fee-charging and those who are undocumented are identified as key factors leading to exploitation.

The report includes several recommendations including:

• Strengthening the scope and effectiveness of the social conditionality of the Common Agricultural Policy;
• Focusing on human rights and practices in agri-food supply chanis
• Promoting greater inclusion and representation of migrant workers and vulnerable groups in union and political structures
• Improving living and working conditions through allocation of resources tohousing and transport conditions.