A study commissioned by the Commonwealth attorney-general's department found that employers in Australia are increasingly using Australian Business Numbers (ABNs) to misclassify and underpay migrant workers, avoiding entitlements under the Fair Work Act. The underpayment of temporary visa holders, such as international students, is often a clue that those businesses are committing other forms of exploitation, including confiscating passports, making workers work long hours without breaks, and threats of harm or violence. The Department of Home Affairs introduced a temporary visa in 2024 to allow people to remain in Australia for up to 12 months to pursue a workplace exploitation claim after their previous visa had expired. However, there are concerns that very few temporary visa holders ever report workplace exploitation.