In December 2016, three European countries [1] and the United States (US) published UNGPs National Action Plans (NAPs).  The process of drafting the much-awaited plans was lengthy, involving a large number of civil society organisations, several rounds of multi-stakeholder consultations, and some promising first steps (for instance, the German NAP process started with a preliminary baseline assessment). Regrettably, the end result disregarded most of civil society’s comments and proposals, failing to assure human rights protection from negative business impacts, and achieve substantial change in the area. For example, although a major issues on civil society’s agenda, none of the NAPs adequately addresses a State’s duty to provide access to judicial remedy for victims of human rights abuses, beyond some general observations...