...Statoil and Norsk Hydro...have been successful in utilising new technologies in severe climates, while remaining sensitive to environmental concerns...Shell’s reputation in Russia is still tarnished by the...environmental violations that occurred during its tenure as operator of Sakhalin-2. BP’s environmental infractions in Alaska have been the subject of U.S. criminal investigations...Environmental issues will pose significant challenges for companies seeking to pursue large scale Arctic oil and gas development. The Artic includes unique habitats of indigenous Northern cultures...In order to proceed with their Arctic...ventures, companies will need to facilitate a full-scale international cooperation with local indigenous communities, environment organisations, government agencies, and academic institutions...[also refers to Gazprom, Rosneft, ExxonMobil]